Fipronil and 2,4-D effects on tropical fish: Could avoidance response be explained by changes in swimming behavior and neurotransmission impairments?

Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane, a crop largely dependent on chemical control for its maintenance. The insecticide fipronil and herbicide 2,4-D stand out among most commonly used pesticides and, therefore, environmental consequences are matter concern. present study aimed to investigate toxicity mechanisms Regent® 800 WG (a.i. fipronil) DMA® 806 BR 2,4-D) using forced non-forced exposures through an integrative approach: firstly, assess whether contamination by can trigger avoidance behavior fish Danio rerio (zebrafish) Hyphessobrycon eques (serpae tetra or mato-grosso). Additionally, effects were analyzed considering swimming together with biomarker neurotoxicity, activity acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In tests pesticide gradients, D. avoided highest concentrations two compounds H. only concentration 2,4-D. (distance moved) was reduced AChE inhibited when exposed fipronil. affected (maximum speed) eques, but not altered. Avoidance response seemed have been possible contaminants Ache activity. This showed importance knowing capacity, neurotoxic in integrated realistic context exposure environments contaminated be useful as ecologically relevant tools ecological risk assessment.